Translation guide
The English word "established" covers several distinct meanings, from setting up an organization to proving a fact or describing something widely accepted. This guide breaks down these meanings and provides natural Japanese equivalents.
To create or start something like a company, institution, rule, or relationship.
The most common and neutral verb for establishing an organization, company, or institution.
彼は新しい会社を設立した。
He established a new company.
Often used for founding something with a pioneering or creative spirit, like a university, museum, or award.
この大学は1920年に創設された。
This university was established in 1920.
Used for establishing abstract things like records, theories, or diplomatic relations. Formal and somewhat literary.
両国は国交を樹立した。
The two countries established diplomatic relations.
To show something is true or valid through evidence or argument.
The standard verb for proving a fact or case, especially in legal or formal contexts.
彼の無実が立証された。
His innocence was established.
A broader word for proving or demonstrating something. Can be used in everyday contexts.
その理論はまだ証明されていない。
The theory has not been established yet.
Often used for establishing a fact, reputation, or status firmly. Implies solidification.
彼はその分野で確固たる地位を確立した。
He established a solid position in the field.
To describe something that is widely known, accepted, or settled over time.
Means to become established as a custom, practice, or word. Commonly used for new things that become standard.
その習慣は日本にすっかり定着した。
The custom has become firmly established in Japan.
Passive form often used when a system, method, or reputation is established by someone or over time.
その治療法はまだ確立されていない。
The treatment method has not been established yet.
Literally "widely recognized," this phrase conveys that something is established as fact or common knowledge.
喫煙が健康に悪いことは広く認められている。
It is well established that smoking is bad for your health.
A pre-noun adjectival meaning "established" or "existing," often used in phrases like "established order" or "established fact."
彼は既成の秩序に挑戦した。
He challenged the established order.
To describe someone or something that has a long-standing, reputable status.
Refers to a long-established store or business, implying trust and tradition. Can also be used metaphorically.
あの店は江戸時代からの老舗だ。
That shop is an established business dating back to the Edo period.
Used as a modifier for reputation, status, brand, etc. that is firmly established.
彼は確立した作家だ。
He is an established author.
Means "having an established reputation." Often used for products or professionals.
これは定評のある製品です。
This is an established product (with a proven reputation).
Both mean "to establish," but 設立する is the general term for setting up organizations, while 創設する carries a nuance of creation or pioneering, often used for universities, foundations, or awards.
While 既成の事実 is possible, it's more natural to say 定説 (established theory) or 周知の事実 (widely known fact) depending on context. Using 確立された事実 is also acceptable but can sound stiff.
その会社は1990年に設立された。
The company was established in 1990.
喫煙が癌を引き起こすことは定説だ。
It is an established fact that smoking causes cancer.
定説 is a common way to say "established theory/fact" in academic contexts.