Translation guide
How to express 'and so on' or 'and other similar things' in Japanese, depending on formality and context.
To indicate that there are more items of a similar kind, in a neutral or slightly formal context.
The most common and versatile way to say 'et cetera'. Can be used in both spoken and written Japanese. Attached directly after a noun or a list of nouns.
りんごやバナナなどを買いました。
I bought apples, bananas, etc.
To express 'et cetera' in formal speech, writing, or academic contexts.
The kanji form of など, used in formal writing. Often read as など in less formal contexts, but とう is the formal reading.
To use a symbol or abbreviation similar to 'etc.' in English.
In Japanese, an ellipsis (三点リーダー) can sometimes imply 'and so on', but it's less direct than using words. Not a direct translation of 'etc.'.
必要なもの：パスポート、ビザ、航空券…
Necessary items: passport, visa, plane ticket, etc.
など is neutral and can be used in most situations. とか is more casual and conversational. In formal writing, use 等 (とう) or など. Avoid とか in business documents.
趣味は読書などです。
My hobbies are reading and such. (neutral)
趣味は読書とかです。
My hobbies are, like, reading and stuff. (casual)
Using など after a list of people can sound dismissive or rude, as if you consider them unimportant. Use たち or ら for groups of people instead, or rephrase.
I've been to Tokyo, Osaka, and so on.
More casual than など. Often used in conversation. Can be repeated after each item for emphasis.
映画とか音楽とかが好きです。
I like movies, music, and stuff like that.
週末は買い物とか掃除とかしてるよ。
On weekends I do shopping, cleaning, and stuff.
Regarding this matter, it is necessary to examine it from legal, economic, and other perspectives.
Reduplication of など, used for emphasis or when listing many items. More casual than formal.
パーティーには友達、同僚、家族などなどが来ました。
Friends, colleagues, family, and so on and so forth came to the party.
Tanaka and the others came.
Tanaka and the others came.