Translation guide
In Japanese, referring to someone as an ex-convict is highly sensitive and often avoided in polite conversation. The most common and neutral term is 前科者 (zenkamono), but even this can carry stigma. In many contexts, it's more natural to describe the situation indirectly or use euphemisms.
The speaker wants to refer to a person who has a criminal record and has served time, in a neutral or factual way.
The most direct and common term for 'ex-convict' or 'person with a criminal record'. It literally means 'person with a previous offense'. While neutral in definition, it can be stigmatizing, so use with care.
He is an ex-convict.
There are organizations that support the reintegration of ex-convicts into society.
Technically means 'criminal record' rather than the person, but often used in phrases like 前科がある (to have a criminal record) to describe someone indirectly.
He has a criminal record.
A formal, legalistic term for 'ex-convict' or 'former prisoner'. Rarely used in everyday speech.
Promoting employment for ex-convicts is a challenge.
The speaker wants to refer to someone's criminal past without using a stigmatizing label, often in polite or sensitive contexts.
A descriptive phrase meaning 'a person who has been released from prison'. This is more neutral and less labeling than 前科者.
He is someone who has been released from prison.
Literally 'a person who committed a crime in the past'. A softer, more indirect way to refer to an ex-offender.
Slang term for someone who has been in prison, similar to 'ex-con' or 'jailbird'. Can be derogatory or used in very casual, rough speech.
Avoid in polite or formal settings; can be offensive.
That guy is an ex-con.
The speaker specifically means someone who is still under supervision after release.
In Japan, having a criminal record carries heavy social stigma. Directly labeling someone as 前科者 can be seen as rude or discriminatory. In many situations, it's better to use indirect descriptions or avoid mentioning the past altogether unless necessary.
In legal or news contexts, 前科者 is acceptable. In everyday conversation, phrases like 刑務所から出所した人 or 過去に罪を犯した人 are softer alternatives.
Even people who have committed crimes in the past should be given a chance to rehabilitate.
People on probation meet regularly with their probation officer.