Translation guide
To conclude something based on evidence and reasoning rather than direct statement. In Japanese, this is commonly expressed with verbs like 推測する, 推論する, or phrases like 察する. The choice depends on formality, the strength of the conclusion, and whether it's based on logic or intuition.
To reach a conclusion by thinking logically about known facts or information.
The most general and neutral word for 'infer'. Used in both spoken and written Japanese for drawing a conclusion from available information.
I inferred from his expression that something had happened.
More formal and logical than 推測する. Often used in academic or technical contexts for inference based on systematic reasoning.
We inferred a causal relationship from the data.
To sense or infer something from subtle cues, often about someone's feelings or situation. Implies empathy and intuition rather than strict logic.
I inferred his feelings and didn't say anything.
Often used in legal, scientific, or statistical contexts for estimation or presumption based on evidence. Can overlap with 'infer' but leans toward 'estimate'.
They inferred the suspect's height from the belongings left behind.
To understand an implied meaning that is not directly stated.
Literally 'read between the lines'. A common phrase for inferring unstated meaning from context or nuance.
Reading between the lines of his email, I think he's actually against it.
To grasp the implied meaning beyond the words. More explicit than 行間を読む.
To reach a conclusion when direct proof is lacking, often using deduction.
推測する is based on logical reasoning from facts, while 察する is more intuitive and empathetic, often about someone's unspoken feelings. Use 察する when you 'sense' something without explicit evidence.
Infer sales from the data.
Infer his anger from his silence.
There is no single Japanese verb that covers all uses of 'infer'. Using 推測する is safe for most cases, but in casual conversation, simpler phrases like 〜と思う (I think) or 〜だろう (probably) are often more natural than explicitly saying 'infer'.
What do you infer from his behavior?
I inferred that she was unhappy.
It was difficult to infer what she really meant.
To draw a conclusion. Often used when the inference is the final step of reasoning.
From the evidence, they inferred that he was the culprit.