Translation guide
A formal linking word used to add information, often in writing or speeches. Japanese uses several conjunctions and adverbs, with the most common being さらに and そのうえ.
To introduce an additional fact or argument that strengthens the previous statement, typical in essays, articles, or formal speech.
To add another reason or fact in everyday conversation.
The most natural casual equivalent. 'And what's more...' or 'on top of that'.
さらに is the most neutral and can be used in almost any situation. そのうえ is slightly more conversational than さらに but still acceptable in writing. それに is clearly casual and should be avoided in formal essays.
この町は静かだ。さらに/そのうえ、自然が豊かだ。
This town is quiet. Moreover, it's rich in nature.
あの店は安い。それに、美味しい。
That restaurant is cheap. Moreover, it's delicious.
While English academic writing often uses 'moreover' repeatedly, Japanese prefers varying conjunctions or simply juxtaposing sentences without explicit linking words. Overusing さらに can sound unnatural. Consider using また, 加えて, or even just そして for variety.
会社の利益は増加した。さらに、市場シェアも拡大した。
The company's profits increased. Moreover, its market share grew.
彼女は頭がいい。そのうえ、とても努力家だ。
She is intelligent. Moreover, she works very hard.
This product is light. Moreover, it's cheap.
Very similar to さらに, but slightly more conversational. Often used to pile on additional points.
彼は遅刻した。そのうえ、宿題も忘れた。
He was late. Moreover, he forgot his homework.
Literally 'in addition'. Common in formal writing and presentations.
新しい法律は環境を守る。加えて、経済にも良い影響を与える。
The new law protects the environment. Moreover, it has a positive impact on the economy.
Means 'also' or 'furthermore'. Very common in both speech and writing, but can be ambiguous as it also means 'again'. Context clarifies.
この店は品質が良い。また、サービスも素晴らしい。
This store has good quality. Moreover, the service is excellent.
Formal/literary 'and also'. Often used in written arguments or lists of qualities. Can connect nouns or clauses.
この計画は迅速かつ効率的だ。
This plan is swift and, moreover, efficient.
今日は暑い。それに、湿度も高い。
It's hot today. Moreover, the humidity is high.
Adds emphasis, often with a sense of surprise or 'on top of that'. Similar to 'and even'.
彼は親切だ。しかも、ハンサムだ。
He's kind. Moreover, he's handsome.