Translation guide
A formal preposition, adverb, or conjunction meaning 'in spite of' or 'nevertheless'. In Japanese, the most natural equivalent depends on the grammatical role and register. Common patterns include 〜にもかかわらず, 〜にもかかわらず, and それでも.
Introduce a fact that does not prevent the main statement.
Attaches to a noun or a clause in plain form. Formal and common in written Japanese.
Notwithstanding the bad weather, the game was held.
Same as above, but can also follow a clause. Slightly more formal than 〜のに.
Notwithstanding that he was busy, he helped me.
Literary/emphatic: 'without being daunted by'. Used with nouns.
Notwithstanding the difficulties, he pushed forward.
Connect two clauses where the second is surprising given the first.
Introduce a subordinate clause of concession.
Follows a clause in plain form. Formal.
Notwithstanding that he warned her, she ignored it.
Casual and common in speech. Means 'even though'.
English 'notwithstanding' is formal and often used in legal or academic contexts. In casual Japanese, using 〜にもかかわらず may sound overly stiff. Use 〜のに or それでも instead.
He went out notwithstanding the rain. (casual)
Both mean 'although', but 〜にもかかわらず is more formal and emphatic. 〜のに is common in everyday conversation and can express regret or surprise.
Notwithstanding his lack of experience, he got the job.
The plan went ahead, notwithstanding strong opposition.
He prepared thoroughly. Notwithstanding, he failed.
Slightly more emphatic than それでも. Formal.
The evidence was insufficient. Notwithstanding, he was found guilty.
Notwithstanding that he warned her, she ignored it.