Translation guide
Used to add another point, often one that intensifies or emphasizes the previous statement. In Japanese, this is expressed with various additive phrases, depending on formality and nuance.
To add another fact or reason, similar to 'plus' or 'also'.
A common and versatile phrase meaning 'on top of that' or 'in addition'. Can be used in both spoken and written Japanese.
彼は遅刻した。その上、宿題も忘れた。
He was late. On top of that, he forgot his homework.
Casual and conversational. Often implies that the added point is negative or surprising, like 'to make matters worse' or 'and what's more'.
雨が降ってきた。おまけに風も強い。
It started raining. On top of that, the wind is strong.
Adds emphasis, often translated as 'and moreover' or 'and what's more'. Used in both casual and formal contexts.
この店は安い。しかも美味しい。
This restaurant is cheap. On top of that, it's delicious.
To add another point in a more formal or written context.
Formal and often used in writing or speeches. Means 'furthermore' or 'in addition'.
新製品は軽量化された。さらに、バッテリー寿命も延びた。
The new product is lighter. On top of that, the battery life has been extended.
Literally 'adding to that'. Formal and often used in business or academic contexts.
To emphasize that the additional point is negative or problematic.
Can be used for negative additions as well, often with a tone of complaint.
給料が減った。その上、残業が増えた。
My salary was cut. On top of that, overtime increased.
Very common for negative additions in casual speech.
その上 is neutral and can be used in most situations. おまけに is casual and often carries a negative nuance. しかも adds emphasis and can be used in both positive and negative contexts, but is slightly more conversational than その上.
Do not translate 'on top of that' literally as その頂上に (sono choujou ni) or similar. Use the phrases listed above.
Sales increased. On top of that, profit margins improved.
The train was delayed. On top of that, it was packed.