family name, surname, clan
氏 centers on the concept of a family lineage or clan identity, from which the ideas of family name and surname naturally follow.
氏 is an ancient pictograph of a clan symbol or a curved object used as a marker of family identity. The modern form retains the basic slanted shape.
The slanted shape of 氏 looks like a stylized family crest or a curved emblem used to mark clan membership. Think of it as a symbol that identifies a family name.
For シ, imagine a family crest shaped like the letter 'C' (シー), representing the clan's initial. The 'C' sound cues シ, and the crest represents the family name.
Mr; Mrs; Ms; Miss
boyfriend
(full) name; identity
the said person; he; she
The Tale of Genji (Heian-period classic)
clan; family
both persons
(all of) you or them
a certain person; unnamed person; Mr. So-and-so; a certain someone who shall remain unnamed
Fahrenheit
Celsius; centigrade
chief brewer at a sake brewery
patron god; tutelar deity; guardian deity; local deity
shrine parishioner
"professional name" used by hostesses and geisha
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari)
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886 novel by Robert Louis Stevenson)
Celsius; centigrade
degrees Celsius
zonule of Zinn; Zinn's membrane; ciliary zonule