ず

auxiliary verb

without doing; not doing; not ... and

Classical continuative negative auxiliary. Attaches to the -nai stem of verbs (for サ変, せ～ず). Functions like 'without doing' or 'not ... and/so', often in formal or written language. See also ずに.

See also: ぬ · ずに

• 彼かれは何なにも言いわずに部屋へやを出でて行いった。

  He left the room without saying anything.

• 準じゅん備びをせずに試し験けんを受うけるのは無む謀ぼうだ。

  Taking an exam without preparing is reckless.

auxiliary verb

not

Archaic sentence-ending negative, equivalent to modern ない. Rarely used in modern Japanese except in set phrases or classical contexts.

See also: ない

• 「知しらぬ」の「ぬ」は、古ふるい言いい方かたで「知しらず」とも言いう。

  The ぬ in 知らぬ is an old form, also expressed as 知らず.