career judge; professional judge
Refers to a judge who entered the judiciary through the standard career path (typically after passing the bar exam and completing legal training), as opposed to a lay judge or a judge from a non-traditional background.
Career judges are often appointed immediately after completing their legal training.
判事 is a formal title for a judge, often used in official contexts, while キャリア裁判官 emphasizes the career background rather than the title.
Compound of キャリア (career) and 裁判官 (judge), referring to a judge who has pursued a career within the judiciary from the start.