しむ

auxiliary verb, nidan verb (lower class) with 'mu' ending (archaic)

causative auxiliary verb (archaic)

Archaic auxiliary verb attached to the 未然形 (irrealis form) of verbs to express causation. Equivalent to modern せる/させる. Found in classical Japanese texts.

See also: しめる

• 「花はな咲さかしむ」は「花はなを咲さかせる」という意い味みの古ふるい言いい方かたです。

  「花咲かしむ」 is an old way of saying 'to make flowers bloom'.

auxiliary verb, nidan verb (lower class) with 'mu' ending (archaic)

permissive auxiliary verb (archaic)

Archaic auxiliary verb indicating permission or allowing. Also attached to the 未然形. Modern equivalent is せる/させる with permissive meaning.

• 「行いかしむ」は「行いかせる」という意い味みで、許きょ可かを表あらわすこともあります。

  「行かしむ」 can mean 'to let go' or 'to allow to go'.

auxiliary verb, nidan verb (lower class) with 'mu' ending (archaic)

honorific strengthening auxiliary (archaic)

Used together with other honorific auxiliaries to reinforce respectful meaning. Rare even in classical texts; appears in highly formal or literary contexts.

• 「仰おおせられしむ」のように、他ほかの敬けい語ごと共ともに使つかわれて敬けい意いを強つよめます。

  Used with other honorifics, as in 「仰せられしむ」, to strengthen the respectful tone.

auxiliary verb, nidan verb (lower class) with 'mu' ending (archaic)

humble strengthening auxiliary (archaic)

Used together with other humble auxiliaries to reinforce humble meaning. Extremely rare; found only in classical Japanese with specific humble constructions.

• 「申もうししむ」のように、謙けん譲じょうの補ほ助じょ動どう詞しと共ともに使つかわれて謙けん遜そんの意いを強つよめます。

  Used with humble auxiliaries, as in 「申ししむ」, to intensify the humble nuance.