The national census is a typical example of a complete enumeration.
Synonym; 全数調査 is a more common and transparent term for the same concept.
Antonym; a sample survey that examines only a subset of the population.
Compound of 悉皆 (しっかい, 'all, everything') and 調査 (ちょうさ, 'survey, investigation'). The term is primarily used in statistical contexts.