noun
sumo wrestler's win-loss chart
Sumo term: a grid chart showing each wrestler's daily results (win/loss/absence) during a tournament.
星取表を見れば、どの力士が優勝争いをしているかすぐわかる。
Looking at the win-loss chart, you can immediately see which wrestlers are in the title race.
noun
matrix table; score table
General use: a table or grid for recording results, scores, or comparisons, often with stars or marks.
各チームの対戦成績を星取表にまとめた。
I compiled the match results of each team into a score table.
勝敗表 is a general win-loss record table, while 星取表 specifically uses stars or marks and is strongly associated with sumo.
Compound of 星 (star, mark) + 取り (taking) + 表 (table). The term originated in sumo, where wins are marked with a white star (白星) and losses with a black star (黒星).