Used for physical depth (water, snow, soil) and abstract depth (understanding, analysis). Common in technical and formal contexts.
この湖の深度は平均20メートルです。
The average depth of this lake is 20 meters.
We measured the depth of the seabed using a submersible.
彼の議論には深度が足りない。
His argument lacks depth.
The water depth at this point is shallow.
The submersible decreased its depth and approached the seabed.
深度 (depth) and 進度 (progress, pace) are pronounced identically but refer to completely different concepts, so context is essential.
depth of focus
deep underground; deep subterranean area
periscope depth
depth of field
Compound of 深 (deep) and 度 (degree). A straightforward Sino-Japanese word for 'depth'.