JLPT N1Mostly written

ての… that comes of …ing; after or while …ing

A て-form clause normally leads on to a verb. With の it describes a noun instead: your impressions after living somewhere, a conclusion reached by long discussion. Compact written style.

after doing

海かい外がいで三さん年ねん間かん暮くらしての感かん想そうを、率そっ直ちょくにお聞きかせください。

Please give us your frank impressions after three years of living abroad.

reached by doing

半はん年としにわたって議ぎ論ろんを重かさねての結けつ論ろんだ。

This is a conclusion reached after six months of discussion.

how it is done

家か族ぞくと離はなれての生せい活かつは、彼かれの考かんがえ方かたを大おおきく変かえた。

Living apart from his family changed his way of thinking a great deal.

How to form it

Verb in the て-form + の + noun

The noun is nearly always something done, or what comes of it: 感かん想そう, 結けつ論ろん, 判はん断だん, 決けっ定てい, 発はつ言げん, 生せい活かつ, 会かい議ぎ, 旅りょ行こう.

Where you'll meet it: Reports, news, questionnaires, interviews, announcements. Mostly one to read.

In use

The て-form means what it always means: after doing, by doing, or in that state.

映えい像ぞうを見みての判はん断だんには限げん界かいがある。

There are limits to what can be judged from watching footage.

専せん門もん家かを交まじえての検けん討とう会かいを来らい月げつ開かい催さいする。

A review meeting that includes specialists will be held next month.

批ひ判はんを覚かく悟ごしての発はつ言げんだった。

He said it knowing that he would be criticised.

One of these is said as much as written: 〜てのことだ, which gives what lay behind something someone did.

厳きびしいことを言いうのも、あなたのためを思おもってのことです。

If I say hard things, it is because I am thinking of what is best for you.

What people say instead

十じゅう分ぶんに話はなし合あっての決けっ定ていなので、簡かん単たんには変かえられない。

This was decided after talking it through properly, so it can't easily be changed.

Compact. The deciding is inside the noun 決けっ定てい.

十じゅう分ぶんに話はなし合あった上うえでの決けっ定ていなので、簡かん単たんには変かえられない。

This was decided after talking it through properly, so it can't easily be changed.

Spelled out: "after, and on the basis of". Careful speech.

十じゅう分ぶんに話はなし合あって決きめたことなので、簡かん単たんには変かえられない。

We decided this after talking it through properly, so it can't easily be changed.

As people say it: the て-form leads to a verb again.

For an impression, the everyday way is a plain clause before the noun:

海かい外がいで三さん年ねん間かん暮くらした感かん想そうを文ぶん章しょうにまとめた。

I wrote up my impressions of three years of living abroad.

Not before a thing

A thing takes the verb straight in front of it.

Not said: 海かい外がいで買かっての時計とけいをなくした。

(I lost the watch I bought abroad.)

海かい外がいで買かった時計とけい.

Close neighbours

てからのN5

てから with の. Everyday, and only about time: what comes after, or has come since.

日本にほんに来きてからの三さん年ねん間かんは、あっという間まだった。

The three years since I came to Japan have flown by.

あってのN1

It looks the same, but it is a set phrase after a noun: B exists only because of A.

お客きゃく様さまあっての商しょう売ばいです。

We are only in business because of our customers.

Check yourself

1Which sentence sounds natural?

Choose an answer to see why.

2What does this say?

失しっ敗ぱいを覚かく悟ごしての挑ちょう戦せんだった。

Choose an answer to see why.

More sentences

長ながい準じゅん備び期き間かんを経へての開かい幕まくに、会かい場じょうから大おおきな拍はく手しゅが起おこった。

The opening came after a long period of preparation, and the hall broke into loud applause.

全ぜん員いんが顔かおを合あわせての会かい議ぎは一いち年ねんぶりだ。

It is a year since we last had a meeting with everyone in the same room.

目めを閉とじての演えん奏そうは、想そう像ぞう以い上じょうに難むずかしかった。

Playing with my eyes closed was harder than I had imagined.