確認し、報告した"and" in writing
In writing, a verb can stop at its ます-stem, usually with a comma after it, where speech would use the て-form. It means "and": the sentence isn't over yet.
The train slowed down and quietly pulled into the station.
The city restored the old buildings and improved the roads around them.
How to form it
Verb ます-stem + 、
集めます → 集め、, 書きます → 書き、, 確認します → 確認し、. The last verb of the sentence gives the tense and the politeness for all of them.
The て-form of writing
The report identified three issues and proposed improvements.
The て-form: speech, and everyday writing.
The report identified three issues and proposed improvements.
The stem: news, reports, textbooks, novels.
The meaning is the same.
You will read it in nearly every news article and textbook passage, and write it in essays and reports. It is not said in conversation. Aloud, you hear it only where someone reads out or speaks formally: the news, a speech, an announcement.
How to read it
A stem and a comma mean more is coming, and you don't yet know when any of it happens. The last verb tells you.
The committee will review the materials, sort out the issues, and submit a report next week.
提出する at the end is not past, so none of it has happened yet.
Like the て-form, it only says "and". Whether that is "and then" or "and so" comes from the meaning.
Temperatures rose, and the snow melted earlier than usual.
Forms that trip readers
Other words have a written joining shape too, and some look like something else.
| Speech | Writing | |
|---|---|---|
| Verb | 集めて | 集め |
| ている | 住んでいて | 住んで |
| い-adjective | 少なくて | 少なく |
| Noun, な-adjective | 医者で | 医者であり |
| ない, くない | なくて | なく |
| Verb, negative | 行かなくて, 行かないで | 行かず |
| ていない | 分かっていなくて | 分かっておらず |
おり looks like humble おります, but it isn't humble here. The stem of いる would be a bare い, so writing borrows おり.
A typhoon is approaching, and the rain is expected to get heavier from tonight.
This area gets little rain, and the winters are mild too.
It looks like the adverb, but it is 少なくて: "there is little, and".
He is a doctor, and a writer as well.
Plain で is written too. であり is the stiffer choice.
There are no shops near the station, and shopping is a nuisance.
The cause is not yet known, and the police are investigating.
おり and ず together: 分かっていなくて.
Close neighbours
て-formN5
The same "and" for speech and everyday writing. In conversation it is this one.
I went home, did my homework, and went to bed.
ずにN3
"Without doing". With or without its に, ず is how a negative verb joins in writing.
He solved the problem himself, without relying on anyone.
であるN3
The だ of the same kind of writing. であり is its joining shape.
Water is a resource essential to life.
Check yourself
1What does this say?
明日、
Choose an answer to see why.
2What does おり tell you here?
兄は
Choose an answer to see why.
3Over lunch, you are telling a friend about your weekend. Which do you say?
Choose an answer to see why.
More detail
A stem of one syllable, like 見 or 来, is rare alone. Writers mostly go back to 見て and 来て. し, from する, is the exception.
More sentences
The research team gathered the materials and organized them by period.
The number of users rose last fiscal year and reached a record high.
A low-pressure system is approaching, and heavy rain is expected in many areas.
The town grew up around its port and in time became a center of trade.
At the venue, researchers presented their findings, and the participants had a lively exchange of views.