Kotomora
JLPT N3InflectionWritten
Furigana

確かく認にんし、報ほう告こくしたWritten clause linking with a verb stem

In written Japanese, a verb stem can end a nonfinal clause and connect it compactly to the clause that follows. It often appears where ordinary conversation would use the verb’s て-form.

How the clauses are connected

The stem tells the reader that the first clause is not finished and that another clause follows. The exact relationship comes from context: the events may be parallel, successive, or related as background and result. Do not translate the comma with the same English conjunction every time.

Common written uses

市しは古ふるい建たて物ものを修しゅう復ふくし、周しゅう辺へんの道どう路ろを整せい備びした。

The city restored the old buildings and improved the surrounding roads.

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調ちょう査さチームは資し料りょうを集あつめ、年ねん代だい別べつに整せい理りした。

The research team gathered the materials and organized them by period.

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気き温おんが上あがり、雪ゆき解どけが例れい年ねんより早はやく進すすんだ。

Temperatures rose, causing the snow to melt earlier than usual.

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Here the surrounding meaning suggests a cause-and-result relationship, but the stem itself does not explicitly mean “because.”

Written stem versus the neutral form

Both versions below connect the same two actions. The stem version is more compressed and distinctly written; the version with て is neutral and works naturally in both speech and writing.

報ほう告こく書しょは三みっつの課か題だいを指し摘てきし、改かい善ぜん案あんを示しめした。

The report identified three issues and presented proposals for improvement.

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Compressed written style.

報ほう告こく書しょは三みっつの課か題だいを指し摘てきして、改かい善ぜん案あんを示しめした。

The report identified three issues and presented proposals for improvement.

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Neutral connection with the て-form.

More examples

列れっ車しゃは速そく度どを落おとし、静しずかに駅えきへ入はいった。

The train slowed down and quietly entered the station.

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昨さく年ねん度どの利り用よう者しゃ数すうは増ぞう加かし、過か去こ最さい高こうを記き録ろくした。

The number of users increased last fiscal year and reached a record high.

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低てい気き圧あつが接せっ近きんし、各かく地ちで強つよい雨あめが降ふる見み込こみです。

A low-pressure system is approaching, and heavy rain is expected in many areas.

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担たん当とう者しゃは申しん請せい内ない容ようを確かく認にんし、不ふ足そく書しょ類るいを特とく定ていし、応おう募ぼ者しゃに連れん絡らくした。

The staff member checked the application, identified the missing documents, and contacted the applicant.

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町まちは港みなとを中ちゅう心しんに発はっ展てんし、やがて商しょう業ぎょうの拠きょ点てんとなった。

The town developed around its port and eventually became a center of commerce.

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会かい場じょうでは研けん究きゅう者しゃが成せい果かを発はっ表ぴょうし、参さん加か者しゃが活かっ発ぱつに意い見けんを交かわした。

At the venue, researchers presented their findings, and participants exchanged views actively.

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