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Furigana

く・きますPlain and polite style

Japanese speakers choose plain or polite style according to their relationship with the audience, the setting, and the kind of speech or writing. Polite style is an ordinary respectful default; plain style is natural among close people and in many kinds of writing.

Choosing the style

Social rank matters, but it is not the whole decision. Familiarity, workplace roles, how public the situation is, and the kind of text all affect the choice. Two classmates may use polite style when they first meet and move toward plain style as they become closer.

Plain and polite sentence endings

Swipe sideways to compare every column.

Word typePlain stylePolite style
Verb / かない / った / かなかったきます / きません / きました / きませんでした
I-adjectiveたか / たかくない / たかかった / たかくなかったたかいです / たかくないです / たかかったです / たかくなかったです
Na-adjectiveしずかだ / しずかではない / しずかだった / しずかではなかったしずかです / しずかではありません / しずかでした / しずかではありませんでした
Nounがくせい / がくせいではない / がくせいだった / がくせいではなかったがくせいです / がくせいではありません / がくせいでした / がくせいではありませんでした

Within each cell, the order is nonpast positive, nonpast negative, past positive, and past negative. Changing style means choosing the corresponding complete form, not simply attaching or deleting one ending.

The same message in two settings

The basic information can stay the same while the style changes with the audience.

明日あしたかいさんします

I will attend tomorrow's meeting.

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Polite style, suitable for a message to a supervisor or someone not yet close.

明日あしたかいさんする

I will attend tomorrow's meeting.

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Plain style, natural in a personal note or diary.

With an unfamiliar person

Traveler

すみません。このでんしゃきょうきますか

Excuse me. Does this train go to Kyoto?

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Station staff

はい、きます

Yes, it does.

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Polite style is the safe, ordinary choice when asking an unfamiliar person for information.

Between close friends

Mina

明日あしたえいる?

Are you going to watch a movie tomorrow?

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Ken

うん、るよ

Yeah, I am.

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Plain style is warm and natural here because the speakers are close. It is not inherently rude.

More examples

あさはんはもうべた?

Have you eaten breakfast yet?

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A natural plain-style question between family members or close friends.

うけつけかいあります

The reception desk is on the second floor.

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Polite information given to a visitor or customer.

今日きょうあめだったいえほんんだ

It rained today. I read a book at home.

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Plain style is common in personal diaries.

今日きょうここまでです

That is all for today.

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A teacher can use polite style when addressing a class.

えきったひとなかさんです

The person I met at the station is Ms. Tanaka.

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The noun-modifying clause is plain, but the sentence ends politely.

しゅうまつうみ

I am going to the beach this weekend.

Analyze

Plain style is natural in a personal plan or note.