Translation guide
The English verb 'approve' covers several distinct actions: giving official permission, expressing a favorable opinion, and formally accepting something. Japanese uses different words and structures for each, and the natural choice depends heavily on the situation and relationship.
To formally allow something to happen, often in a workplace, legal, or administrative context.
The most common and neutral term for official approval, such as approving a plan, budget, or application.
My boss approved the proposal.
This application hasn't been approved yet.
Used for official permission from an authority, often governmental or regulatory. More formal than 承認.
The city approved the new construction plan.
To permit or allow. Often used for granting permission for specific actions, like entering a building or using a facility.
The department head approved my leave.
To say or show that you agree with or like something, often in a personal or social context.
To agree with or support an idea, plan, or opinion. Commonly used in discussions.
I approve of that proposal.
I can't approve of his way of thinking.
A very natural, everyday way to say you think something is good or acceptable. Less formal than 賛成.
I approve of that idea. (casual)
To acknowledge or recognize something as good or valid. Can imply a degree of respect or acceptance.
To officially confirm or endorse something through a formal process, such as voting or signing.
承認 (shōnin) is general approval, often within an organization. 許可 (kyoka) is permission for an action. 認可 (ninka) is official authorization from a regulatory body. Use 承認 for most workplace approvals, 許可 for granting someone permission to do something, and 認可 for government or legal approval.
English 'approve of' often expresses personal agreement or liking. Japanese 賛成する or 良いと思う are more natural than trying to use 承認 for personal opinions. 承認 implies formal authority, not just personal taste.
彼の努力は認められている。
His efforts are approved of / recognized.