Translation guide
The concept of formality in Japanese is expressed through various linguistic features, including polite verb forms, honorific/humble language, and choice of vocabulary. It is not a single word but a system of speech levels.
Expressing the idea of formality as a quality or state
Refers to formality in the sense of following prescribed forms or ceremonies. Often used in compounds.
This meeting is too hung up on formality.
Adjectival noun meaning 'formal' or 'perfunctory', often with a nuance of doing something just for form's sake.
It was just a formal greeting.
Refers to formality in terms of etiquette, ceremony, or protocol. More specific to social rituals.
a formal visit
Referring to the use of polite or formal language
The general term for honorific language, encompassing respectful, humble, and polite forms.
Japanese honorific language is difficult.
Specifically refers to polite language, marked by です・ます endings.
Casual speech (literally 'same-age language'), used among close friends. The opposite of formal speech.
Describing how formal or informal a situation or behavior is
Adjective meaning 'stiff', 'formal', or 'ceremonious' in a negative sense, implying discomfort.
That party was too formal/stiff.
Verb meaning 'to stand on ceremony' or 'to be formal'. Often used to describe events or people.
Similar to 格式張る, but more about sticking to forms and procedures.
Expressing the absence of formality or a casual atmosphere
Adjectival phrase meaning 'informal', 'casual', or 'relaxed'. Often used to describe language or atmosphere.
a restaurant with a casual atmosphere
Means 'friendly', 'informal', or 'relaxed' after initial formality has been broken.
Means 'informal' or 'simplified', often used for procedures or dress codes.
Japanese formality is not binary. It ranges from very casual (タメ語) to highly formal (敬語). The appropriate level depends on social hierarchy, setting, and relationship.
The English word 'formality' does not have a single direct equivalent in Japanese. The translation depends heavily on context. Avoid using 形式 for all cases.
丁寧語を使って話してください。
Please speak using polite language.
I speak casually with him.
It was a very formal wedding.
formal procedures
We talked in a relaxed, informal atmosphere.
略式の服装でお越しください。
Please come in informal attire.