Translation guide
In Japanese, the most common and general word for 'lawyer' is 弁護士 (bengoshi). However, Japan has several distinct legal professions, and the English word 'lawyer' can map to different roles depending on context. This guide covers the main terms and how to use them naturally.
lawyer (general)
Referring to a legal professional who represents clients in court or provides legal advice, equivalent to a general 'lawyer' or 'attorney' in English-speaking countries.
The standard term for a licensed attorney who can represent clients in court. This is the closest equivalent to 'lawyer' in most contexts.
He is a lawyer.
You should consult a lawyer.
A broader term meaning 'legal expert' or 'jurist'. It can refer to lawyers, judges, prosecutors, or legal scholars. Less specific than 弁護士.
He is an excellent legal expert.
Referring to other legal professions in Japan that might be called 'lawyer' in English but have distinct functions.
A judicial scrivener who handles legal document preparation, real estate registration, and simple court representation. Often translated as 'lawyer' in some contexts, but not a full attorney.
I asked a judicial scrivener to handle the registration.
An administrative scrivener who prepares documents for government agencies, such as permits and licenses. Sometimes loosely called a 'lawyer' by English speakers, but not a courtroom attorney.
A patent attorney who specializes in intellectual property. In English, often called a 'patent lawyer', but in Japan this is a separate qualification from 弁護士.
A certified tax accountant who handles tax filings and advice. Sometimes referred to as a 'tax lawyer' in English, but not a courtroom lawyer.
How to address or refer to a lawyer in conversation or writing.
When addressing a lawyer directly or referring to them politely, attach 先生 (せんせい) to their name, similar to how you would address a doctor or teacher.
Mr./Ms. Tanaka (lawyer), I have something to consult with you.
I hired Mr./Ms. Suzuki (the lawyer).
In casual or friendly contexts, you can refer to a lawyer as 弁護士さん, adding さん for politeness.
That lawyer is famous, isn't he/she?
In Japan, only 弁護士 can represent clients in court for most cases. Other legal professionals like 司法書士 or 行政書士 have limited scopes. Calling them simply 'lawyer' in English can be misleading. Use the specific title when precision matters.
弁護士 specifically means a licensed attorney. 法律家 is a broader term for anyone with legal expertise, including judges, prosecutors, and scholars. Use 弁護士 when you mean a practicing lawyer.
I want to become a lawyer.
She hired a good lawyer.
I had an administrative scrivener prepare my visa application documents.
弁理士に特許出願を依頼した。
I asked a patent attorney to file the patent application.
I had a tax accountant help me with my tax return.