Translation guide
In Japanese, the concept of a 'previous conviction' is most commonly expressed with the noun 前科 (zenka). This term is used in legal and everyday contexts to refer to a prior criminal record. Depending on the context, related terms like 前歴 (zenreki) or 累犯 (ruihan) may be used for prior offenses or repeat offenses.
Referring to a past criminal conviction in general, often in legal or formal contexts.
The standard term for a previous conviction or criminal record. Used in both legal and everyday language.
He has a previous conviction.
If you have no criminal record, it's advantageous for employment.
Refers to a prior record or history, not necessarily limited to criminal convictions. Can include arrests or other legal history.
We need to check his prior record.
Literally 'criminal history', a more descriptive term that can be used in formal contexts.
If you have a criminal history, it's difficult to get a visa.
Emphasizing that someone has committed a crime again after a previous conviction.
Legal term for repeat offense or recidivism. Often used in the phrase 累犯者 (ruihansha) for a repeat offender.
The punishment for repeat offenders becomes heavier.
Refers to committing a crime again after a previous conviction. Commonly used in discussions of recidivism rates.
Informally referring to someone having a record or being an ex-convict.
Colloquial term for a person with a criminal record, often with a negative connotation. Can be translated as 'ex-convict' or 'someone with a record'.
That guy has a record, so I can't trust him.
A casual way to say 'has a previous conviction' or 'has a record'. Often used in informal conversation.
I heard he has a record.
前科 (zenka) specifically refers to a criminal conviction, while 前歴 (zenreki) is a broader term for any prior record, including arrests or investigations that did not lead to conviction. 犯罪歴 (hanzai reki) is a more literal 'criminal history' and is often used in formal contexts like visa applications.
The English phrase 'previous conviction' is not directly translated word-for-word. Using 前の有罪判決 (mae no yūzai hanketsu) would sound unnatural. Stick to 前科 or related terms.
再犯率を下げるためのプログラムが必要だ。
Programs to reduce the recidivism rate are necessary.