noun
second-rank province (ritsuryō system)
Historical term from the ritsuryō system; refers to a province classified as 上国, the second highest of four ranks (大国, 上国, 中国, 下国).
律令制では、上国は大国に次ぐ第二の等級の国だった。
Under the ritsuryō system, a 上国 was a province of the second rank, below 大国.
noun
provinces near the capital
Historical term for provinces located close to the capital (Kinai region). This usage is less common and may overlap with the ranking sense in some contexts.
上国は都に近い国々を指すこともあった。
上国 sometimes referred to the provinces close to the capital.
Compound of 上 (jō, 'upper') and 国 (koku, 'province'). The term originated in the ritsuryō system to classify provinces by size and importance.