地ち質しつ年ねん代だい学がく

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Meanings

1

noun

geochronology

Scientific field that determines the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments, and establishes the geological time scale.

地ground, earth

質substance, quality, matter

年year, counter for years

代substitute, change, convert

学study, learning, science

年ねん代だい学がく
年代学 is the broader term for chronology in general, while 地質年代学 specifically applies chronological methods to geological materials.
地ち質しつ学がく
地質学 is geology as a whole; 地質年代学 is a subfield focused on dating and the geological time scale.

Compound of 地質 (chishitsu, 'geology') + 年代 (nendai, 'age, era') + 学 (gaku, 'study'). A straightforward modern scientific term.