historical background; historical context
Refers to the social, cultural, and historical circumstances surrounding an event, work, or period.
To understand this novel, you need to know the historical background of that time.
The historical setting of the movie is the Edo period.
背景 is a broader term for 'background' (visual, situational, or figurative), while 時代背景 specifically refers to the historical context of a particular era.
Compound of 時代 (jidai, 'era, period') and 背景 (haikei, 'background').