A booklet used to record deposits and withdrawals at a bank or similar institution. Synonymous with 通帳, which is more common in modern usage.
See also: 通帳
I had my passbook updated at the bank.
Compound of 通い (kayoi, 'going back and forth, frequenting') and 帳 (chō, 'ledger, notebook'). The term likely refers to a booklet that is carried back and forth to record transactions.