also: かざなみ
wind and waves; rough seas; storm
Literal meaning: turbulent sea conditions caused by wind. Often used in nautical or weather contexts.
The wind and waves are getting higher as the typhoon approaches.
Figurative extension: interpersonal conflict or strife, likened to stormy seas.
hardships of life; adversity
Figurative extension: the difficulties and struggles one faces in life, as if tossed by waves.
Overcome the hardships of life.
There is constant discord in the family.
Standard kanji spelling for both literal and figurative senses.
Alternate reading; less common and may be considered non-standard or dialectal.
Compound of 風 (wind) and 波 (waves). The figurative senses derive from the image of stormy seas representing turmoil or hardship.