混雑する · noun or participle which takes 'suru'
| Form | Positive | Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Dictionary | 混雑する | 混雑しない |
| Polite | 混雑します | 混雑しません |
| Past polite | 混雑しました | 混雑しませんでした |
| Past | 混雑した | 混雑しなかった |
| Te-form | 混雑して | 混雑しないで |
| Desire | 混雑したい | 混雑したくない |
| Potential | 混雑できる | 混雑できない |
| Passive | 混雑される | 混雑されない |
| Causative | 混雑させる | 混雑させない |
| Causative passive | 混雑させられる | 混雑させられない |
| Volitional | 混雑しよう | |
| Polite volitional | 混雑しましょう | |
| Imperative | 混雑しろ | 混雑するな |
| Conditional | 混雑すれば | 混雑しなければ |
| Tara conditional | 混雑したら | 混雑しなかったら |
noun, noun or participle which takes 'suru', intransitive verb
congestion; crowding; jam
The common modern meaning: a place, vehicle, road, line, or system is crowded or congested. As 混雑する, it is intransitive: 電車が混雑する, not 電車を混雑する.
The morning trains are always crowded.
Highway congestion is expected during the long weekend.
noun, noun or participle which takes 'suru', intransitive verb
confusion; disorder; chaotic congestion
A broader or less common use for a confused, disorderly state where many things are mixed together. In everyday Japanese, 混乱 is often clearer for pure 'confusion'; 混雑 here often still suggests a crowded or tangled situation.
Immediately after the accident, the scene was in extreme disorder, and instructions did not get through easily.
The station gets terribly crowded at the end of the year.
I left home early to avoid the crowds.
I got caught up in the rush-hour congestion.
Congestion on the highway continues.
混雑 is the neutral, common word for congestion or crowding in a place, while 目白押し more vividly evokes people or things packed tightly and jostling.
混雑 focuses on the chaotic crowding of a place at a given moment (like a train station), while 過密 describes a more chronic, structural state of overconcentration.
混雑 describes general congestion or crowding, whereas ラッシュ specifically evokes the sudden peak-time surge, as in commuting.
満員 states that a place has reached full capacity, while 混雑 describes the general state of being crowded or congested, without implying a fixed limit.