講ずる · zuru verb
| Form | Positive | Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Dictionary | 講ずる | 講じない |
| Polite | 講じます | 講じません |
| Past polite | 講じました | 講じませんでした |
| Past | 講じた | 講じなかった |
| Te-form | 講じて | 講じないで |
| Desire | 講じたい | 講じたくない |
| Potential | 講じられるalso formal 講ぜられる | 講じられないalso formal 講ぜられない |
| Passive | 講じられるalso formal 講ぜられる | 講じられないalso formal 講ぜられない |
| Causative | 講じさせる | 講じさせない |
| Causative passive | 講じさせられる | 講じさせられない |
| Volitional | 講じよう | |
| Polite volitional | 講じましょう | |
| Imperative | 講じろalso written 講ぜよ | 講ずるな |
| Conditional | 講じればalso 講ずれば | 講じなければ |
| Tara conditional | 講じたら | 講じなかったら |
zuru verb, transitive verb
lecture on; expound; read aloud
Formal verb for giving a lecture or orally explaining a subject or text. The 'read aloud' nuance is connected with older or formal contexts where a text is presented aloud and explained.
See also: 講じる (こうじる)
The professor lectures on the history of Japanese thought in graduate school.
At the temple, one could hear a monk expounding the sutras aloud.
zuru verb, transitive verb
take measures; devise a strategy; adopt a policy
Common in formal writing and official contexts with objects such as 措置, 対策, 策, 手段, and 方策: to work out, adopt, or implement a measure or plan.
See also: 講じる (こうじる)
The government will take emergency measures to limit the damage.
The company needs to work out measures to prevent a recurrence.
zuru verb, transitive verb
make peace; reconcile; come to terms
Rare and literary/formal, especially in the set-like expression 和を講ずる, meaning to make peace or settle a conflict.
After a long war, the two countries decided to make peace.
zuru verb, transitive verb
recite poetry at a gathering
Specialized traditional-poetry use: to recite or formally present a poem at a poetry gathering. This is not the everyday verb for simply reading a poem aloud.
In the etiquette of a poetry gathering, 講ずる a waka means to present that poem aloud.
The government took measures against inflation.
The company took every possible measure to solve the funding shortage.
The professor gave a lecture on Japanese history.
The two countries finally made peace.
The poets recited their own poems at the gathering.