Kotomora
JLPT N1ConstructionWritten
Furigana

きわThe height or ultimate extreme of

きわ labels something as the furthest or most complete instance of the quality, feeling, or state named by the preceding noun. It makes a strong, categorical evaluation, similar to “the height of,” “the epitome of,” or “the ultimate in.”

What the pattern evaluates

The noun before the pattern supplies the scale being judged. Emotion nouns such as かんげき and かなしみ are possible, but the pattern is not limited to personal feelings. It also evaluates broader qualities and states, including ぜいたく, れい, , and ろう. The judgment may therefore be favorable, unfavorable, or relatively neutral.

Positive and negative extremes

The strength of the pattern suits contexts where the writer or speaker deliberately presents something as a supreme example.

ながねんけんきゅうむすび、じゅしょうらせをいたきょうじゅかんげききわみであった

After years of research finally bore fruit, the professor was overcome with emotion upon hearing the news of the award.

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そのけっていは、げんこえいっさいしたせきにんきわみだ

That decision, which completely disregards those working on the ground, is the height of irresponsibility.

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Describing an extreme state

このていえんは、じんこうぜんきわみにある

This garden represents the highest expression of beauty, with the artificial and the natural blending together.

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きわみにある presents the subject as occupying an extreme state or condition.

Choosing among similar extreme expressions

きわ broadly labels a feeling, property, or state as an ultimate example. いた is more closely associated with formal personal feelings and conventional social expressions. きわまる and きわまりない use a different attachment pattern and act directly as the sentence ending. かぎりだ more directly voices the speaker’s own extreme feeling and can follow adjectives.

More examples

しゅんざいしょうりょうずつあじわうこのこんだては、ぜいたくきわみだ

This menu, which lets diners savor small portions of seasonal ingredients, is the ultimate luxury.

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けっしょうてんもくぜんのがしたことは、せんしゅにとってつうこんきわみだった

For the player, missing the winning point at the last moment was a source of supreme regret.

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れんじつてつで、たんとうしゃろうきわみにあった

After working through the night for days, the person in charge was in a state of utter exhaustion.

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かんきゃくそうちのはくしゅけ、しゅえんはいゆうかんげききわみにたっした

Receiving a standing ovation from the entire audience, the lead actor was overwhelmed with emotion.

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しょうたいきゃくひとまえじょくするとは、れいきわみだ

Insulting an invited guest in public is the height of rudeness.

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このこうげいひんは、せいみつさとゆうさをそなえたこうきわみである

This craftwork is the pinnacle of artistry, combining precision with elegance.

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しずかなめんゆきやまうつこうけいは、きわぶにふさわしい。

The sight of snow-covered mountains reflected on the still lake deserves to be called the height of beauty.

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