からの・
"A letter from a friend", "life in Japan": when a phrase with a particle describes a noun, Japanese puts の between the two. English needs nothing there, so the の is easy to forget.
I'm waiting for word from the company.
The way to the station was longer than I expected.
It was my first trip with my older sister in a long time.
How to form it
Noun + から／まで／で／へ／と + の + noun
が, を and に don't take の. "To" before a noun is への: there is no にの.
| Means | Like this | |
|---|---|---|
| からの | from | 友達からの |
| までの | to, as far as, until | 東京までの |
| での | in, at, by | 日本での |
| への | to, for | 母への |
| との | with | 先生との |
Why の is there
I got a present from a friend.
友達から goes with もらいました.
The present from my friend was a watch.
No verb for から here. の ties it to プレゼント.
Not said: 友達から
(The present from my friend was a watch.)
Without の, 友達から is left hanging.
In everyday use
How is life in Japan?
A question you will be asked.
Two tickets to Tokyo, please.
I took a bus to get from the airport to the hotel.
For から…まで, one の at the end.
Notices, titles and headlines are full of these: お客様へのお知らせ, a notice to customers.
の alone, or a particle with の
Plain の only says that two nouns are linked. The particle says how.
I read my mother's letter.
From her, to her, or one she keeps. Only the situation tells you.
I wrote a letter to my mother.
It is going to her.
There is no にの
が and を simply give way to の: 日本語を勉強する becomes 日本語の勉強. Where に means "to" a place or a person, へ steps in.
I bought a present for my mother.
With the verb: に.
I bought a present for my mother.
Describing the present: への.
Not said: 母にの
(I bought a present for my mother.)
にの doesn't exist.
Close neighbours
After a whole sentence, との isn't "with". It is a short written という: a message "saying that…".
A message came from the shop saying that it would be closed tomorrow.
についてのN3
Longer particle-like phrases take の the same way: "a book about…".
I am reading a book about Japanese festivals.
Check yourself
1Which one fits?
京都
Choose an answer to see why.
2"The email from the teacher was long."
Choose an answer to see why.
More detail
A に that says where something is has no の form. A verb or plain の does the job: 東京にいる友達, 東京の友達.
More sentences
The flight from Tokyo will arrive at three in the afternoon.
There are only two days left until the deadline.
We also offer consultations online.
Everything said at this meeting will be recorded.
Please make explanations for beginners as simple as possible.
The negotiations with the client finally ended in agreement.