citizen (of a country); citizenry
Refers to a person holding citizenship of a nation, or collectively to the citizenry. Often used in legal, political, or formal contexts.
He asserted his rights as a Japanese citizen.
The voices of the citizenry should be reflected in politics.
resident (of a city); townspeople; inhabitant
Refers to people living in a particular city or town, without necessarily implying national citizenship. Common in municipal contexts.
The mayor prioritizes the safety of the city's residents.
This park is a place of relaxation for the townspeople.
Historical or sociological term for the bourgeois class, especially in Marxist or pre-modern contexts. Less common in everyday speech.
In the French Revolution, the bourgeoisie revolted against the privileged classes.
He is a citizen of New York.
I took part in the election as a citizen.
The mayor listens carefully to the citizens' opinions.
市民 usually means a resident of a city or a member of civil society, whereas 公民 is a more formal, state-level term for citizenship.
市民 refers to citizens of a city or members of civil society with a local, civic feel, whereas 人民 is used for the people as a large-scale political body.
都民 designates a Tokyo resident specifically, whereas 市民 is the general term for a resident of any city (市).
civic group; municipal activists; citizen-oriented political force