noun, noun which may take the genitive case particle 'no'
surplus; excess amount
Refers to the portion or amount that exceeds a limit, quota, or expected quantity. Often used in financial, inventory, or quantitative contexts.
予算の超過分は来月の経費から差し引かれます。
The surplus from the budget will be deducted from next month's expenses.
在庫の超過分を返品した。
We returned the excess inventory.
過剰 means excess or overabundance, often with a negative nuance of being too much. 超過分 is neutral and simply denotes the excess portion.
Compound of 超過 (excess) + 分 (portion, amount).