neuroscientist
A scientist who studies the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
He is a famous neuroscientist.
Neuroscientists are researching how the brain works.
神経科学 is the field of neuroscience, while 神経科学者 refers to a person who works in that field.
Compound of 神経 (nerve) + 科学 (science) + 者 (person). The term is a straightforward modern coinage corresponding to English 'neuroscientist'.