さえ
Meanings
Adds the meaning of 'even' to a noun or noun phrase, often implying an extreme or unexpected case. Can be used with も for emphasis (さえも).
He couldn't even write his own name.
Even a child knows that.
Used in conditional clauses (～ば/～たら + さえ) to indicate the minimum condition needed for a result. Often translates to 'if only' or 'as long as'.
If only I had money, I could do anything.
As long as the weather is good, we'll go on a picnic.
besides; on top of that; what's more
Adds an additional, often negative, element to a situation. Commonly used with に (さえに) or in the pattern ～に加えて～さえ. Implies 'not only ... but also ...'.
It's raining, and on top of that, the wind is getting stronger.
Not only was he late, but he even forgot his homework.
Usage patterns
- 〈人〉でさえ〈動詞〉even 〈person〉 does/is 〈verb〉
Even the teacher couldn't solve this problem.
- 〈物〉さえあればas long as one has 〈thing〉
Many people think that as long as they have money, they can do anything.
- 〈動詞〉さえすればas long as one does 〈verb〉
As long as you practice every day, you'll get better.
- 〈事〉に加えて〈事〉さえon top of 〈thing〉, even 〈thing〉 happened
On top of the rain, even the wind started getting stronger.