Translation guide
A guide to expressing 'thus' in Japanese, covering result/consequence, manner, degree, and formal written usage.
Expressing that something happens as a result of what was just stated, similar to 'therefore' or 'so'.
A common conjunction meaning 'therefore' or 'consequently'. Used in both spoken and written Japanese, but slightly formal.
雨が降った。したがって、試合は中止になった。
It rained. Thus, the game was canceled.
Casual 'so' or 'therefore'. Very common in everyday conversation.
彼は嘘をついた。だから、私は怒っている。
He lied. Thus, I'm angry.
Literally 'as a result'. More formal and often used in reports or news.
需要が増加した。その結果、価格が上昇した。
Demand increased. Thus, prices rose.
Formal/literary 'therefore'. Used in academic writing, speeches, or proverbs.
我思う、ゆえに我あり。
I think, therefore I am. (Thus, I exist.)
Describing the way something is done, similar to 'in this way' or 'like this'.
Means 'in this way' or 'like this'. Can refer to a method just described or about to be demonstrated.
このようにして、問題を解決しました。
Thus, we solved the problem.
Casual 'in this way'. Often used in narratives to describe a sequence of actions.
こうして、彼は成功した。
Thus, he succeeded.
Formal/literary 'thus' or 'in this way'. Used in historical or dramatic storytelling.
Expressing degree or extent, as in 'thus far' or 'so much'.
Means 'this much' or 'to this extent'. Often used with adjectives to emphasize degree.
これほど美しい景色は見たことがない。
I have never seen such a beautiful view. (Thus beautiful...)
Literally 'up to here', used for extent or progress, as in 'thus far'.
ここまで来れば大丈夫だ。
We've come this far, so it's okay. (Thus far...)
Used in formal documents or academic writing to mean 'accordingly' or 'in this way'.
Formal conjunction meaning 'therefore' or 'accordingly'. Common in legal or official documents.
本契約は終了する。よって、以下の通り通知する。
This contract is terminated. Thus, we notify as follows.
Kanji form of したがって, often used in formal writing.
だから is casual and common in speech. したがって is more formal and logical, suitable for presentations or essays. In very formal writing, したがって (often in kanji) or よって may be preferred.
彼は学生だ。だから、お金がない。
He's a student. Thus, he has no money. (casual)
このデータは不十分である。したがって、結論は出せない。
This data is insufficient. Thus, we cannot draw a conclusion. (formal)
English 'thus' is often replaced by simpler words like 'so' in Japanese. Using ゆえに or かくして in everyday speech sounds overly dramatic or archaic. Stick to だから or このように for most situations.
かくして、戦いは終わった。
Thus, the battle ended.
Insufficient evidence. Thus, not guilty.