noun, used as a suffix
not exceeding; not more than; … and under; … or fewer
Suffix attached to a number or quantity to indicate an upper limit inclusive of that number. Antonym: 以上.
Antonyms: 以上
参加者は10人以下です。
There are 10 or fewer participants.
この商品は500円以下で買えます。
You can buy this item for 500 yen or less.
noun, used as a suffix
below (a standard, level, etc.); under; less than
Suffix used with abstract benchmarks such as average, standard, or expected level. Often implies falling short of a threshold.
彼の成績は平均以下だ。
His grades are below average.
この品質は基準以下です。
This quality is below the standard.
noun, noun which may take the genitive case particle 'no'
the following; the below-mentioned; the rest
Used as a noun or no-adjective to refer to what is written or stated below. Common in formal writing, instructions, and lists.
詳細は以下をご覧ください。
Please see below for details.
以下の点に注意してください。
Please pay attention to the following points.
noun, used as a suffix
including ...; ... and other (employees, officials, etc.)
Suffix used after a title or name to refer to that person and all members of their group or subordinates. Often seen in formal announcements or organizational contexts.
社長以下、全社員が出席した。
The president and all other employees attended.
部長以下、全員が賛成した。
The department head and all the members agreed.
Rarely used kanji form.
From Middle Chinese-derived elements 以 (by means of) and 下 (below). The reading いか is the standard Sino-Japanese on'yomi. The rare reading いげ is obsolete.