起伏する · noun or participle which takes 'suru'
| Form | Positive | Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Dictionary | 起伏する | 起伏しない |
| Polite | 起伏します | 起伏しません |
| Past polite | 起伏しました | 起伏しませんでした |
| Past | 起伏した | 起伏しなかった |
| Te-form | 起伏して | 起伏しないで |
| Desire | 起伏したい | 起伏したくない |
| Potential | 起伏できる | 起伏できない |
| Passive | 起伏される | 起伏されない |
| Causative | 起伏させる | 起伏させない |
| Causative passive | 起伏させられる | 起伏させられない |
| Volitional | 起伏しよう | |
| Polite volitional | 起伏しましょう | |
| Imperative | 起伏しろ | 起伏するな |
| Conditional | 起伏すれば | 起伏しなければ |
| Tara conditional | 起伏したら | 起伏しなかったら |
noun, noun or participle which takes 'suru', intransitive verb
undulation; waviness
Describes the rise and fall of land, waves, or a surface; often used in geography and landscape descriptions.
This area has dramatic undulations in the terrain.
The hilly area undulates gently.
noun, noun or participle which takes 'suru', intransitive verb
ups and downs; highs and lows
Figurative use for emotional, economic, or life fluctuations; often paired with words like 感情, 人生, or 景気.
Life is full of ups and downs.
His emotions fluctuate wildly.
This area has richly undulating terrain and is popular for hiking.
There were great ups and downs in his life.
The mountain trail has steep ups and downs and requires stamina.
He has intense mood swings and is hard to deal with.
I'm living an uneventful, unchanging daily life.
起伏 literally means rises and falls and is used for emotional or narrative ups and downs, similar to 波乱 in its 'vicissitudes' sense but without the connotation of trouble.