Formal or written expression marking a specific time or location. Equivalent to で or に but more literary.
The meeting will be held in Tokyo.
in; regarding; when it comes to
Used to indicate a domain, topic, or aspect. Often translates to 'in terms of', 'as for', or 'regarding'.
on the part of; under the authority of; in the name of
Indicates the agent or responsible party in formal contexts, such as official statements or announcements.
There was a big change in 2025.
On this point, his opinion is correct.
Japan is advanced in terms of technology.
Our company cannot take responsibility for this matter.
The government is considering measures.
に関して means 'concerning/regarding' a topic, while において can mark either a topic or a literal time/place setting.
で is the plain, everyday particle for location or means, whereas において is its formal, literary equivalent.
に is the basic locative/temporal particle, while において adds a stiffer, more formal or written tone to the same idea.
において and おいて are functionally the same formal marker for time, place, or topic, but において is the fuller, more commonly written form while おいて is a stiffer contraction often heard in speeches.
における and において both mean 'in/at' in formal contexts, but における is used before a noun (adnominal) while において is used adverbially before a verb or clause.
において is the neutral, everyday way to mark a place or time ('in/at'), while にあっては is more formal and often implies a special or difficult circumstance.
Applies to each form listed below
Rare kanji form; mostly seen in formal or older writing.
Archaic variant of に於いて; very rare in modern Japanese.
Compound of particle に and the verb 置く (おく, 'to place') in its continuative form 置き, with the き changing to い via historical sound shift. Literally 'placing at', it developed into a formal locative/temporal marker.