Suffix attached to nouns indicating being under the influence, control, or conditions of something, or during a particular period or event. Common in formal and written contexts.
Life was hard under wartime conditions.
Work continued under strict surveillance.
The company was placed under the control of the new management.
Many people suffered under wartime conditions.
lower rank; lower position; subordinate position · lower-order; less significant
underground; below the ground · the grave; world of the dead · underground (activities); secret; illegal
fall; decline; drop; deterioration
subordinate; staff member under one's supervision
the following; mentioned below
foot of a mountain; base of a mountain
dropping; airdrop; throwing down · investment; injection of capital
fall; drop; descent
lower body; lower half of the body
lower part; bottom section; substructure · subordinate office; lower-level organization · subordinate; loyal servant; faithful servant
descent; drop; fall; decrease · passing down an order; transmission of a decree
Your Majesty; His Majesty; Her Majesty
corridor; hallway; passageway
rejection; dismissal
Excellency
under the umbrella of; affiliated with; under the jurisdiction of
newly written work; original work
Your Highness; His Highness; Her Highness
lower house; lower chamber
descent; fall; drop; decline; downturn
lower layer; layer beneath · lower strata; lower classes
downstream; lower reaches of a river · lower classes; lower strata of society
lower grade; low class; junior
directly under; immediately below; directly subordinate to · fall straight down; drop vertically
lower part; lower region; below
in the moonlight; under the moon
followers; subordinates; those under one's command
hang down; dangle; be suspended · be within reach; dangle before one's eyes · be completely reliant on; be entirely dependent on
lower limit; minimum · infimum
Standard kanji spelling for this suffix.
From the kanji 下 meaning 'below' or 'under', used as a suffix to express being under a condition or during a period.