not exceeding; not more than; … and under; … or fewer
Suffix attached to a number or quantity to indicate an upper limit inclusive of that number. Antonym: 以上.
Antonyms: 以上
There are 10 or fewer participants.
You can buy this item for 500 yen or less.
below (a standard, level, etc.); under; less than
Suffix used with abstract benchmarks such as average, standard, or expected level. Often implies falling short of a threshold.
His grades are below average.
This quality is below the standard.
noun, noun which may take the genitive case particle 'no'
the following; the below-mentioned; the rest
Used as a noun or no-adjective to refer to what is written or stated below. Common in formal writing, instructions, and lists.
Please see below for details.
Please pay attention to the following points.
including ...; ... and other (employees, officials, etc.)
Suffix used after a title or name to refer to that person and all members of their group or subordinates. Often seen in formal announcements or organizational contexts.
The president and all other employees attended.
The department head and all the members agreed.
Children aged 12 or under cannot take part in this event.
His test score was below average.
Please review the meeting minutes below.
We work in a team of ten, including the manager and his subordinates.
not less than; … and over; … or more · beyond; more than; above · the above; the aforementioned · since; now that; once · that's all; the end
Rarely used kanji form.