by (means of); by doing; due to; via; through
A formal or written expression meaning 'by means of', 'by doing', or 'due to'. It connects an action or cause to a result. Often used in explanations, reports, or instructions.
By using this method, efficiency improved significantly.
大雨が降ったことにより、試合は中止となった。
Due to heavy rain, the match was canceled.