含む · godan verb (-mu)
| Form | Positive | Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Dictionary | 含む | 含まない |
| Polite | 含みます | 含みません |
| Past polite | 含みました | 含みませんでした |
| Past | 含んだ | 含まなかった |
| Te-form | 含んで | 含まないで |
| Desire | 含みたい | 含みたくない |
| Potential | 含める | 含めない |
| Passive | 含まれる | 含まれない |
| Causative | 含ませる | 含ませない |
| Causative passive | 含ませられるalso 含まされる | 含ませられないalso 含まされない |
| Volitional | 含もう | |
| Polite volitional | 含みましょう | |
| Imperative | 含め | 含むな |
| Conditional | 含めば | 含まなければ |
| Tara conditional | 含んだら | 含まなかったら |
godan verb (-mu), transitive verb
Broad use for physical containment, inclusion in a set, or having something as a component or feature.
This juice contains a lot of vitamin C.
The price includes consumption tax.
godan verb (-mu), transitive verb
hold in the mouth
Specifically for keeping something inside the mouth, often without swallowing. Common in the phrase 口に含む.
See also: 口に含む
He held water in his mouth and gargled for a while.
godan verb (-mu), transitive verb
harbor; bear in mind; hold (a feeling)
Used for holding emotions, doubts, or grudges internally. Often with nouns like 恨み, 不満, 疑問.
He seems to harbor a grudge against me.
There are several points in that explanation that raise doubts.
godan verb (-mu), transitive verb
express; imply; convey (emotion)
Describes words, expressions, or tones that carry a certain feeling or implication. Often used with 感情, 意味, ニュアンス.
His words conveyed deep affection.
This expression implies sarcasm.
This price includes tax.
He harbors a grudge against her.
She spoke in a voice tinged with tears.
This sponge absorbs water well.
There are points in his explanation that raise doubts.
含む means to hold something (often liquid) inside the mouth without it showing, while 咥える means to grip an object like a cigarette between the teeth or lips with part of it sticking out.
含む is the neutral, general word for 'contain', whereas 孕む suggests containing something dynamic, latent, or potentially problematic, such as a risk or contradiction.
含む is the common everyday verb for 'include' or 'contain', while 包含 is a formal noun/する-verb used for abstract or systematic inclusion.
含む means to include something as a part, whereas 網羅する emphasizes exhaustive coverage of every item.
muffled voice; indistinct voice
Rare kanji variant specifically for holding in the mouth; not used in modern writing.