Refers to a financial loan, such as a bank loan, car loan, or mortgage. Common in compound terms like 住宅ローン (housing loan) and カーローン (car loan).
I took out a mortgage and bought a house.
I still have three years left on my car loan.
I'm paying back my loan little by little every month.
Last year I finally paid off my housing loan in full.
There's still some balance left on my car loan.
I bought a new car on a loan.
ローン describes a loan from the borrower's point of view (e.g. taking out a mortgage), while 貸付 emphasizes the lender's act of providing funds.
ローン refers to a specific loan product (e.g. a mortgage or car loan), while 借り入れ is the broader act of borrowing money in general.
personal loan
subordinated loan