凌ぐ · godan verb (-gu)
| Form | Positive | Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Dictionary | 凌ぐ | 凌がない |
| Polite | 凌ぎます | 凌ぎません |
| Past polite | 凌ぎました | 凌ぎませんでした |
| Past | 凌いだ | 凌がなかった |
| Te-form | 凌いで | 凌がないで |
| Desire | 凌ぎたい | 凌ぎたくない |
| Potential | 凌げる | 凌げない |
| Passive | 凌がれる | 凌がれない |
| Causative | 凌がせる | 凌がせない |
| Causative passive | 凌がせられるalso 凌がされる | 凌がせられないalso 凌がされない |
| Volitional | 凌ごう | |
| Polite volitional | 凌ぎましょう | |
| Imperative | 凌げ | 凌ぐな |
| Conditional | 凌げば | 凌がなければ |
| Tara conditional | 凌いだら | 凌がなかったら |
godan verb (-gu), transitive verb
endure; keep out; stave off
Used for withstanding harsh conditions, weather, hunger, or attacks. Often implies actively holding something unpleasant at bay.
一枚の毛布で寒さを凌いだ。
I endured the cold with a single blanket.
軒下で雨を凌ぐ。
I keep out of the rain under the eaves.
godan verb (-gu), transitive verb
pull through; get over; survive
Focuses on surviving a difficult period or crisis, such as illness, financial trouble, or a tough situation.
家族の助けでその冬を凌いだ。
With my family's help, I got through that winter.
蓄えで不況を凌ぐ。
We survive the recession with our savings.
godan verb (-gu), transitive verb
surpass; outdo; excel; eclipse; defy
Used when someone or something exceeds another in ability, quality, or intensity. Can carry a nuance of defying expectations or overshadowing.
彼は先輩を凌ぐ実力を持っている。
He has ability that surpasses his seniors.
新記録は従来の記録を大きく凌いだ。
The new record far eclipsed the previous one.
We warmed ourselves by the bonfire to keep out the cold.
The company managed to pull through its funding crisis.
His skill is such that he surpasses even his senior.
We staved off hunger with only a little food.
We got through the emergency with first aid.
makeshift; stopgap; temporary measure