凌ぐ
凌ぐ · godan verb (-gu)
| Form | Positive | Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Dictionary | 凌ぐ | 凌がない |
| Polite | 凌ぎます | 凌ぎません |
| Past polite | 凌ぎました | 凌ぎませんでした |
| Past | 凌いだ | 凌がなかった |
| Te-form | 凌いで | 凌がないで |
| Desire | 凌ぎたい | 凌ぎたくない |
| Potential | 凌げる | 凌げない |
| Passive | 凌がれる | 凌がれない |
| Causative | 凌がせる | 凌がせない |
| Causative passive | 凌がせられるalso 凌がされる | 凌がせられないalso 凌がされない |
| Volitional | 凌ごう | |
| Polite volitional | 凌ぎましょう | |
| Imperative | 凌げ | 凌ぐな |
| Conditional | 凌げば | 凌がなければ |
| Tara conditional | 凌いだら | 凌がなかったら |
Meanings
godan verb (-gu), transitive verb
endure; keep out; stave off
Used for withstanding harsh conditions, weather, hunger, or attacks. Often implies actively holding something unpleasant at bay.
I endured the cold with a single blanket.
I keep out of the rain under the eaves.
godan verb (-gu), transitive verb
pull through; get over; survive
Focuses on surviving a difficult period or crisis, such as illness, financial trouble, or a tough situation.
With my family's help, I got through that winter.
We survive the recession with our savings.
Usage patterns
- 〈事〉を凌ぐto stave off / keep out (cold, heat, hunger, etc.)
We warmed ourselves by the bonfire to keep out the cold.
- 危機を凌ぐto pull through a crisis
The company managed to pull through its funding crisis.
- 〈人〉を凌ぐto surpass someone
His skill is such that he surpasses even his senior.
- 飢えを凌ぐto stave off hunger
We staved off hunger with only a little food.
- 急場を凌ぐto get through an emergency for the time being
We got through the emergency with first aid.