勉強
勉強する · noun or participle which takes 'suru'
| Form | Positive | Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Dictionary | 勉強する | 勉強しない |
| Polite | 勉強します | 勉強しません |
| Past polite | 勉強しました | 勉強しませんでした |
| Past | 勉強した | 勉強しなかった |
| Te-form | 勉強して | 勉強しないで |
| Desire | 勉強したい | 勉強したくない |
| Potential | 勉強できる | 勉強できない |
| Passive | 勉強される | 勉強されない |
| Causative | 勉強させる | 勉強させない |
| Causative passive | 勉強させられる | 勉強させられない |
| Volitional | 勉強しよう | |
| Polite volitional | 勉強しましょう | |
| Imperative | 勉強しろ | 勉強するな |
| Conditional | 勉強すれば | 勉強しなければ |
| Tara conditional | 勉強したら | 勉強しなかったら |
Meanings
noun, noun or participle which takes 'suru', transitive verb
The most common meaning: acquiring knowledge or skills through reading, practice, or instruction. Used as a noun or with する.
I study Japanese every day.
I study history for the exam.
noun, noun or participle which takes 'suru', intransitive verb
Focuses on the effort and industriousness rather than the content of study. Often used in set phrases like 勉強家 (a hard worker) or 勉強になる (to be a learning experience).
He is a really hard worker.
This failure was a good learning experience.
Refers to knowledge or a lesson gained through experience, often a valuable or hard-earned one. Common in the phrase いい勉強になる.
Traveling abroad was a very good learning experience.
His story was educational.
noun, noun or participle which takes 'suru', transitive verb, intransitive verb
A somewhat dated or merchant-specific term for a discount. Modern Japanese more commonly uses 割引 (わりびき) or 値引き (ねびき). Still seen in some traditional shops.
That shop gives a small discount.
Can you lower the price a little more?
Usage patterns
- 〈事〉の勉強をするto study (a subject)
I study Japanese every day.
- 〈物〉を勉強するto give a discount on something (dated, merchant usage)
The shopkeeper gave me a small discount on that item.
- 勉強が好きだ/嫌いだto like/dislike studying
My little brother hates studying and is always playing instead.
- 〈人〉に勉強を教えるto teach someone their studies
The older sister is teaching her younger sister with her studies.
- 勉強に集中するto concentrate on studying
I want to focus on studying before the test.