Grammar reference

Japanese grammar reference by JLPT level

Browse 862 individual explanations and 50 guides that compare related forms in context.

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というA person or thing called...N5

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4 guides

と・って・という・と言いう・という意い味みだ・というのは・とは・いわゆるSystem guide

From quoted words to names and definitionsThese forms all begin from the idea of presenting words, a label, or an idea as a unit. The quickest way to choose among them is to look at what comes next: a reporting verb, a comment, a category noun, a noun whose content is being supplied, or an explanation. That destination reveals whether you are quoting, naming, describing content, or defining.9 points · N5–N4–N3–N2

そうだ・らしい・ということだ・とのことだ・と言いわれている・とされている・と考かんがえられている・によると・によれば・とか・んだって・だってRegister guide

Choosing how to report informationChoose a reporting form by asking where the information comes from and what you are doing with it. You may be directly relaying a source, passing on a vague rumor, presenting a claim that society already repeats, or drawing your own conclusion from evidence. Formal wording can create distance, but it does not automatically make a claim more reliable.9 points · N4–N3–N2

わけではない・とは限かぎらない・というものではない・ないことはない・なくはない・ないでもない・ないものでもないChoice guide

Limiting a claim or giving a qualified yesThese expressions do one of two jobs. The first group limits someone’s claim: the conclusion is too broad, not guaranteed, or based on an inadequate rule. The second group uses a double negative to give a cautious yes: something is possible or partly true, but only with reservations. Decide which direction you mean before choosing the individual form.7 points · N3–N2–N1

というより・というか～というか・むしろ・つまり・すなわち・要ようするにDiscourse guide

Reformulating and summarizingChoose according to what you are doing with the previous wording. You may replace one description, search between two descriptions, favor an alternative, restate the same message, or reduce a longer explanation to its main point. The English translations overlap, but these are different moves in a conversation or piece of writing.5 points · N3–N2

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