Grammar reference

Japanese grammar reference by JLPT level

Browse 862 individual explanations and 50 guides that compare related forms in context.

Furigana

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かQuestion markerN5

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から・ので・で・て・なくて・ため・ためにChoice guide

Choosing an everyday reason expressionChoose by asking what kind of cause you are presenting and what follows it. Use から or ので for a full reason that explains a conclusion or response. Use noun plus で for a compact factual cause, て or なくて for a cause tightly tied to an uncontrolled result, and ため or ために for a careful, report-like explanation.5 points · N5–N4

にくい・づらい・がたい・かねるChoice guide

Choosing how to express difficultyChoose according to the source of the barrier. にくい gives a broad, neutral assessment; づらい brings out strain felt by the person acting; がたい makes a severe formal judgment; and かねる says that a role, policy, responsibility, or careful judgment prevents the action. The first two overlap, so treat this as a practical guide rather than a rigid scale.4 points · N4–N2

ね・よ・なあ・でしょう・だろう・かな・かしら・じゃない・もの・もん・ってばSystem guide

How sentence endings shape a conversationChoose a sentence ending by asking what you are doing with the listener: sharing an observation, telling them something, wondering aloud, pressing for agreement, defending yourself, or insisting that they listen. English translations such as “right?” and “you know” are only rough clues. Relationship, context, and spoken tone often decide the real effect.10 points · N5–N4–N3–N1

かもしれない・得うる・かねない・おそれがあるChoice guide

Choosing between possibility and riskStart by asking whether you are simply leaving a possibility open or deliberately presenting a danger. Use かもしれない for ordinary uncertainty and 得る for analytical statements about what can happen in principle. For a bad outcome, かねない sounds like the speaker's warning or criticism, while おそれがある presents an assessed risk in formal, often official language.4 points · N4–N2

にもかかわらず・ものの・つつも・といっても・からといって・とはいえ・とはいうものの・といえどもRegister guide

Advanced concession and qualifying a claimChoose by asking what the second part does—not by translating every form as “although.” It may report a result that defies a fact, quietly limit a claim, correct an inflated description, reject faulty reasoning, or deny an exception. Once that relationship is clear, choose the form whose register fits the setting.9 points · N2–N1

として・に対たいして・にとって・で言いうと・としては・にしたら・から見みるとChoice guide

Choosing among roles, targets, and viewpointsChoose by asking what job the marked noun is doing. Is it a role someone holds, a target receiving an action, a person whose interests matter, a system used for classification, an imagined position, or the evidence behind a judgment? English often translates several of these with “as,” “for,” or “from the viewpoint of,” but Japanese keeps those relationships separate.7 points · N3–N2

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