Grammar reference

Japanese grammar reference by JLPT level

Browse 862 individual explanations and 50 guides that compare related forms in context.

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とClosed-list andN5

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25 guides

と・たら・ば・ならChoice guide

Choosing a Japanese conditionalDo not begin by translating English “if.” First ask how you want to present the relationship: と for a regular consequence, たら for a particular possible situation or a completed first event, ば for the condition that enables a result, and なら for a premise you are taking up and responding to. These meanings overlap, but those four defaults make most choices much easier.5 points · N4

と・や・たり・し・など・なんか・とかChoice guide

Choosing how to list things and examplesChoose a listing form by asking three questions: Is the list complete? Are you listing nouns, actions, states, or supporting points? And should the tone be neutral or conversational? と closes a noun list; the other forms present examples or accumulate related support in different ways.6 points · N5–N4

と・って・という・と言いう・という意い味みだ・というのは・とは・いわゆるSystem guide

From quoted words to names and definitionsThese forms all begin from the idea of presenting words, a label, or an idea as a unit. The quickest way to choose among them is to look at what comes next: a reporting verb, a comment, a category noun, a noun whose content is being supplied, or an explanation. That destination reveals whether you are quoting, naming, describing content, or defining.9 points · N5–N4–N3–N2

が・けど・しかし・でも・それでも・ところが・それなのにDiscourse guide

Choosing a contrast connectorChoose in two steps: first decide whether to attach the contrast to the first clause or begin a new sentence; then decide what kind of turn the second statement makes. It may simply qualify the first point, push back conversationally, remain true despite an obstacle, reveal an unexpected development, or express a jarring failure of expectation.6 points · N5–N4–N3–N2

より・のほうが・一いち番ばん・どちらが・ほど～ない・に比くらべて・と同おなじで・と違ちがって・と同おなじくらいSystem guide

Building comparisons, superlatives, and equality statementsStart by deciding what kind of comparison you are making. Are you comparing two items, choosing the highest member of a group, saying that one falls short, claiming that something has no equal, or describing sameness? Then name the scale—price, speed, size, frequency, preference, or another quality. The comparison form organizes the items; the final description supplies the actual direction.10 points · N5–N3

てる・とく・どく・ちゃう・じゃう・ちゃいけない・じゃいけない・なくちゃ・なきゃ・たって・だってForm family

How common spoken contractions workTreat each contraction as a shorter pronunciation of a full grammar pattern. Expand it first, then interpret the full pattern: the shortening changes the conversational tone, but it does not invent a new tense or meaning. What follows the shortened sound is often the key to identifying it.6 points · N5–N4–N3

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Results for “と”

225 grammar points