Grammar reference

Japanese grammar reference by JLPT level

Browse 862 individual explanations and 50 guides that compare related forms in context.

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のNoun linker: possession, affiliation, type, and appositionN5

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19 guides

から・ので・で・て・なくて・ため・ためにChoice guide

Choosing an everyday reason expressionChoose by asking what kind of cause you are presenting and what follows it. Use から or ので for a full reason that explains a conclusion or response. Use noun plus で for a compact factual cause, て or なくて for a cause tightly tied to an uncontrolled result, and ため or ために for a careful, report-like explanation.5 points · N5–N4

に・ために・ように・のに・にはChoice guide

Choosing the right purpose expressionThese forms are not interchangeable translations of “in order to.” Choose by asking what comes after the goal: a trip to perform an activity, an intentional action, a step toward a desired result, an evaluation of usefulness, or a requirement for success.5 points · N5–N4–N3

ても・でも・のに・くせに・たって・だってChoice guide

Choosing between “even if” and “even though”Choose first by attitude, not by the English translation. Use ても・でも for a neutral result that remains true despite a condition, のに for an established fact whose result clashes with expectation, くせに when you openly blame someone, and たって・だって for the broad neutral pattern in casual conversation.4 points · N4–N3

より・のほうが・一いち番ばん・どちらが・ほど～ない・に比くらべて・と同おなじで・と違ちがって・と同おなじくらいSystem guide

Building comparisons, superlatives, and equality statementsStart by deciding what kind of comparison you are making. Are you comparing two items, choosing the highest member of a group, saying that one falls short, claiming that something has no equal, or describing sameness? Then name the scale—price, speed, size, frequency, preference, or another quality. The comparison form organizes the items; the final description supplies the actual direction.10 points · N5–N3

だけ・しか～ない・ばかり・きり・のみ・にすぎない・でしかないChoice guide

Choosing the right way to say “only”For an ordinary neutral limit, start with だけ. Choose another form only when you want to add something: exclusion through a negative sentence, a noticeable concentration, a firm exact boundary, formal institutional tone, or the judgment that something is “merely” what you have stated.7 points · N5–N4–N3–N2

だけでなく・はもちろん・のみならず・ばかりか・上うえに・に加くわえて・はおろか・もさることながらRegister guide

Choosing among ways to say “not only”The best choice depends less on the English words “not only” than on the relationship between A and B. Ask whether B is simply another fact, an extension beyond an obvious baseline, a stronger surprise, an added factor, or the main point you want to spotlight. Register then narrows the choice further.10 points · N4–N3–N2–N1

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278 grammar points