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Japanese grammar reference by JLPT level

Browse 862 individual explanations and 50 guides that compare related forms in context.

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はTopic markerN5

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は・がChoice guide

Choosing the topic or subject markerChoose by the job you want the marked phrase to do. は sets the frame—what you are talking about—or contrasts one choice with another. が points out who or what acts, exists, or has the quality being described. It also marks the target in certain learned expressions of preference, skill, and understanding. Because these jobs are different, both particles can appear naturally in one sentence.4 points · N5

でしょう・はずだ・わけだ・に違ちがいない・に相そう違いない・に決きまっているChoice guide

Choosing a form for confidence and expectationChoose by asking what relationship you want to claim between your information and your conclusion. でしょう gives an estimate, はずだ gives an expected result, and わけだ explains why an established result makes sense. The remaining three express strong certainty, but differ sharply in tone: neutral conviction, formal weight, or conversational insistence.6 points · N5–N4–N3–N2

だけでなく・はもちろん・のみならず・ばかりか・上うえに・に加くわえて・はおろか・もさることながらRegister guide

Choosing among ways to say “not only”The best choice depends less on the English words “not only” than on the relationship between A and B. Ask whether B is simply another fact, an extension beyond an obvious baseline, a stronger surprise, an added factor, or the main point you want to spotlight. Register then narrows the choice further.10 points · N4–N3–N2–N1

はずがない・わけがない・っこない・とても～ない・ようがない・べくもない・どうにも～ない・には無む理りがあるChoice guide

Choosing the right kind of impossibilityEnglish “there is no way” covers several different judgments. Japanese normally makes you choose what is impossible: a claim may conflict with the facts, a task may exceed practical capacity, an intended action may be blocked, or no method may exist at all. Identify that diagnosis first; strength and register come second.10 points · N4–N3–N2–N1

に対たいして・反はん面めん・一いっ方ぽう（で）・にひきかえChoice guide

Choosing how to contrast two sidesChoose by asking what kind of “two sides” you have. Use に対して for distinct matched members, 反面 for genuinely opposed aspects of one whole, 一方（で） for a broad, measured pairing, and にひきかえ when a striking difference deserves emphasis. English words such as “whereas” and “on the other hand” do not decide the Japanese form by themselves.4 points · N3–N1

に・ために・ように・のに・にはChoice guide

Choosing the right purpose expressionThese forms are not interchangeable translations of “in order to.” Choose by asking what comes after the goal: a trip to perform an activity, an intentional action, a step toward a desired result, an evaluation of usefulness, or a requirement for success.5 points · N5–N4–N3

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